Russia

International space law

Source: Status of international agreements relating to activities in outer space (1 January 2026)

Launch sites

• Plesetsk CosmodromeRoscosmos / Russian Aerospace Forces · Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast · orbital · since 1966
• Vostochny CosmodromeRoscosmos · Tsiolkovsky, Amur Oblast · orbital · since 2016
• Kapustin Yar CosmodromeRussian Aerospace Forces · Znamensk, Astrakhan Oblast · suborbital and orbital test · since 1947
• Yasny Launch Base (Dombarovsky)Russian Strategic Missile Forces / ISC Kosmotras (retired) · Yasny, Orenburg Oblast · orbital (retired) · since 2006

Source: National launch site roster · ALL IN SPACE compilation

Astronauts

• Yuri GagarinSoviet space program · first flight 1961 · First human in space
• Gherman TitovSoviet space program · first flight 1961 · Youngest person in space at the time (25)
• Andriyan NikolayevSoviet space program · first flight 1962
• Pavel PopovichSoviet space program · first flight 1962
• Valery BykovskySoviet space program · first flight 1963
• Valentina TereshkovaSoviet space program · first flight 1963 · First woman in space
• Vladimir KomarovSoviet space program · first flight 1964 · Died on Soyuz 1 re-entry (first in-flight space fatality)
• Konstantin FeoktistovSoviet space program · first flight 1964
• Boris YegorovSoviet space program · first flight 1964
• Pavel BelyayevSoviet space program · first flight 1965
• Alexei LeonovSoviet space program · first flight 1965 · First spacewalk
• Georgy BeregovoySoviet space program · first flight 1968
• Vladimir ShatalovSoviet space program · first flight 1969
• Boris VolynovSoviet space program · first flight 1969
• Aleksei YeliseyevSoviet space program · first flight 1969
• Yevgeny KhrunovSoviet space program · first flight 1969
• Anatoly FilipchenkoSoviet space program · first flight 1969
• Vladislav VolkovSoviet space program · first flight 1969 · Died on Soyuz 11 re-entry
• Viktor GorbatkoSoviet space program · first flight 1969
• Vitaly SevastyanovSoviet space program · first flight 1970
• Nikolai RukavishnikovSoviet space program · first flight 1971
• Georgy DobrovolskySoviet space program · first flight 1971 · Died on Soyuz 11 re-entry
• Viktor PatsayevSoviet space program · first flight 1971 · Died on Soyuz 11 re-entry
• Vasily LazarevSoviet space program · first flight 1973
• Oleg MakarovSoviet space program · first flight 1973
• Pyotr KlimukSoviet space program · first flight 1973
• Valentin LebedevSoviet space program · first flight 1973
• Yuri ArtyukhinSoviet space program · first flight 1974
• Gennady SarafanovSoviet space program · first flight 1974
• Lev DyominSoviet space program · first flight 1974
• Aleksei GubarevSoviet space program · first flight 1975
• Georgy GrechkoSoviet space program · first flight 1975
• Vitaly ZholobovSoviet space program · first flight 1976
• Vladimir AksyonovSoviet space program · first flight 1976
• Valery RozhdestvenskySoviet space program · first flight 1976
• Vyacheslav ZudovSoviet space program · first flight 1976
• Yuri GlazkovSoviet space program · first flight 1977
• Vladimir KovalyonokSoviet space program · first flight 1977
• Valery RyuminSoviet space program · first flight 1977
• Yuri RomanenkoSoviet space program · first flight 1977
• Vladimir DzhanibekovSoviet space program · first flight 1978
• Vladimir LyakhovSoviet space program · first flight 1979
• Leonid PopovSoviet space program · first flight 1980
• Leonid KizimSoviet space program · first flight 1980
• Gennady StrekalovSoviet space program · first flight 1980
• Yuri MalyshevSoviet space program · first flight 1980
• Viktor SavinykhSoviet space program · first flight 1981
• Anatoly BerezovoySoviet space program · first flight 1982
• Aleksandr SerebrovSoviet space program · first flight 1982
• Svetlana SavitskayaSoviet space program · first flight 1982 · Second woman in space; first woman to spacewalk
• Aleksandr AleksandrovSoviet space program · first flight 1983
• Vladimir TitovSoviet space program / Roscosmos · first flight 1983
• Vladimir SolovyovSoviet space program · first flight 1984
• Igor VolkSoviet space program · first flight 1984
• Vladimir VasyutinSoviet space program · first flight 1985
• Aleksandr VolkovSoviet space program · first flight 1985
• Aleksandr LaveykinSoviet space program · first flight 1987
• Aleksandr ViktorenkoSoviet space program · first flight 1987
• Musa ManarovSoviet space program · first flight 1987
• Anatoly SolovyevSoviet space program / Roscosmos · first flight 1988 · Most spacewalks of any cosmonaut (16)
• Valery PolyakovSoviet space program / Roscosmos · first flight 1988 · Longest single spaceflight in history (437 days)
• Sergei KrikalevSoviet space program / Roscosmos · first flight 1988
• Gennady ManakovSoviet space program · first flight 1990
• Anatoly ArtsebarskySoviet space program · first flight 1991
• Aleksandr KaleriRoscosmos · first flight 1992
• Sergei AvdeyevRoscosmos · first flight 1992
• Aleksandr PolishchukRoscosmos · first flight 1993
• Vasily TsibliyevRoscosmos · first flight 1993
• Yuri UsachevRoscosmos · first flight 1994
• Yuri MalenchenkoRoscosmos · first flight 1994
• Yelena KondakovaRoscosmos · first flight 1994 · Third Russian woman in space
• Nikolai BudarinRoscosmos · first flight 1995
• Yury GidzenkoRoscosmos · first flight 1995
• Yuri OnufrienkoRoscosmos · first flight 1996
• Valery KorzunRoscosmos · first flight 1996
• Aleksandr LazutkinRoscosmos · first flight 1997
• Pavel VinogradovRoscosmos · first flight 1997
• Gennady PadalkaRoscosmos · first flight 1998 · Record holder for most cumulative days in space (878 days)
• Salizhan SharipovRoscosmos · first flight 1998
• Sergei ZalyotinRoscosmos · first flight 2000 · Last crew of Mir
• Yuri LonchakovRoscosmos · first flight 2001
• Mikhail TyurinRoscosmos · first flight 2001
• Fyodor YurchikhinRoscosmos · first flight 2002
• Oleg KotovRoscosmos · first flight 2007
• Oleg KononenkoRoscosmos · first flight 2008 · Holds record for most cumulative days in space (1110+ as of 2024)
• Sergei VolkovRoscosmos · first flight 2008
• Maksim SuraevRoscosmos · first flight 2009
• Roman RomanenkoRoscosmos · first flight 2009
• Aleksandr SkvortsovRoscosmos · first flight 2010
• Mikhail KornienkoRoscosmos · first flight 2010
• Andrey BorisenkoRoscosmos · first flight 2011
• Aleksandr SamokutyaevRoscosmos · first flight 2011
• Anton ShkaplerovRoscosmos · first flight 2011
• Anatoli IvanishinRoscosmos · first flight 2011
• Sergey RevinRoscosmos · first flight 2012
• Yevgeny TarelkinRoscosmos · first flight 2012
• Oleg NovitskiyRoscosmos · first flight 2012
• Aleksandr MisurkinRoscosmos · first flight 2013
• Sergey RyazanskyRoscosmos · first flight 2013
• Oleg ArtemyevRoscosmos · first flight 2014
• Yelena SerovaRoscosmos · first flight 2014 · Fourth Russian woman in space
• Aleksey OvchininRoscosmos · first flight 2016
• Sergey ProkopyevRoscosmos · first flight 2018
• Ivan VagnerRoscosmos · first flight 2020
• Pyotr DubrovRoscosmos · first flight 2021
• Anna KikinaRoscosmos · first flight 2022 · Fifth Russian woman in space; first Russian on Crew Dragon
• Dmitri PetelinRoscosmos · first flight 2022
• Sergey KorsakovRoscosmos · first flight 2022
• Andrey FedyaevRoscosmos · first flight 2023
• Konstantin BorisovRoscosmos · first flight 2023
• Aleksandr GrebenkinRoscosmos · first flight 2024

Source: Astronaut biographies

Milestones

• 1947First orbital launch from national soil
• 1961First national in space
• 1992Roscosmos established

Notable missions and contributions

• Roscosmos — world first space programme heritage
• Sputnik (1957), Gagarin/Vostok-1 (1961), Mir (1986-2001)
• ISS operations — Soyuz crew transport
• GLONASS navigation constellation (24+ sats)
• Luna-25 (2023, crashed) — lunar return attempt
• Baikonur/Vostochny cosmodromes. Sanctions since 2022
• Soyuz MS-27 (8 Apr 2025) — Soyuz-2.1a from Baikonur carried Roscosmos cosmonauts Sergey Ryzhikov and Alexey Zubritsky with NASA astronaut Jonny Kim to the ISS; docked to the Prichal module after a 3-hour, 2-orbit rendezvous, landed 9 Dec 2025 (operational, completed)
• Soyuz MS-28 (27 Nov 2025) — Soyuz-2.1a from Baikonur carried Roscosmos cosmonauts Sergey Kud-Sverchkov and Sergei Mikaev with NASA astronaut Chris Williams to the ISS, docking to the Rassvet module for an ~8-month Expedition stay returning in summer 2026 (operational, ongoing)
• Russian Orbital Station (ROS/ROSS) — national ISS-successor station; Roscosmos plans first module deployment in 2028 at 51.6° inclination with ~30 planned experiments, as Russia winds down ISS operations (in development)